Master
of Business Administration
(MBA)
1.
Course:
Master of Business Administration (MBA)
2.
Duration:
Two years full time (each year having two semesters)
3.
Medium
of Instruction and Examinations:
English
4.
Eligibility
for Admission:
(a)
A candidate shall be eligible for admission to Master of Business
Administration (MBA) course if he/she has obtained bachelor’s degree;
B.A, B.Sc., B.Com. (Pass or Hons.) B.Sc. Engineering or its equivalent
degree recognized by Jamia Hamdard with a minimum of fifty percent (50%)
marks;
(b)
Should have qualified the admission test/interview/group
discussion conducted by Jamia Hamdard
or any other norms prescribed by Jamia Hamdard in this regard
from time to time.
(c)
Some seats are reserved for Industry Sponsored / NRI/ NRI
Sponsored/ Foreign Candidates etc. They must meet the eligibility
criterion as in (a) above. They will be admitted on the basis of
interview only held by a selection committee constituted by the
competent authority of Jamia Hamdard.
5.
Course structure
(a) The
course work shall be divided into two parts as given below:
Part-I
Semester-I
July to November
Semester-II
December to April
SUMMER TRAINING
May to June(two months)
Part-II
Semester-III
July to November
Semester-IV
December
to April
(b)
During an academic year, a candidate shall be enrolled only for one
course of study and
shall not appear at any other examination of this or any other
University.
(c)
The semester-wise course outline, total marks allocated to each
paper, internal assessment and marks in semester examinations are listed
below. The course content is given in the syllabus.
SEMESTER-I
Course
No.
|
Title
of the Course
|
Semester
Examination
|
Internal
Assessment
|
Total
Marks
|
MBA-101
|
Organizational
Behaviour & Management Process
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA-102
|
Quantitative
Methods
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA-103
|
Managerial
Economics
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA-104
|
Financial
and Management Accounting
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA-105
|
Marketing
Management
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA-106
|
Human
Resource Management
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA-107
|
Business
Communication
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA-108
|
Computers
in Management
|
20*+40=60
|
15*+25=40
|
100
|
* Practical/
Lab work
SEMESTER-II
Course
No.
|
Title
of the Course
|
Semester
Examination
|
Internal
Assessment
|
Total
Marks
|
MBA-201
|
Legal
Environment of Business
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA-202
|
Management
Science
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA-203
|
Economic
Environment of Business
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA-204
|
Financial
Management
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA-205
|
Operations
Management
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA-206
|
Management
Information System
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA-207
|
Business
Research Methods
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA-208
|
Logic
Development & Programming
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
Summer
Training
Project
Report Presentation
Aggregate
60
40
100
Summer
Training 8-10 weeks in an organization of repute in India or
abroad.
|
SEMESTER
III
COMPULSORY
Course
No.
|
Title
of the Course
|
Semester
Examination
|
Internal
Assessment
|
Total
Marks
|
MBA
300
|
Business
Policy and Strategic
Management
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
301
|
International
Business
Environment
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
ELECTIVES
Major
Area
3 courses
Minor
Area
2 courses
Sectoral
Area
1 course
SEMESTER
IV
COMPULSORY
Course
No.
|
Title
of the Course
|
Semester
Examination
|
Internal
Assessment
|
Total
Marks
|
MBA
400
|
Project
Study
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
401
|
Viva
Voce
|
--
|
---
|
100
|
ELECTIVES
Major
Area
2
courses
Minor
Area
1
course
ELECTIVES
MARKETING
MANAGEMENT
Course
No.
|
Title
of the Course
|
Semester
Examination
|
Internal
Assessment
|
Total
Marks
|
MBA
MM- 01
|
Advertising
and Communication
Management
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
MM- 02
|
Sales
and Distribution
Management
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
MM-
03
|
Consumer
Behaviour
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
MM-04
|
Global
and International
Marketing
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
MM-05
|
Industrial
Marketing
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
MM-06
|
Strategic
Brand Management
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
MM-07
|
Services
Marketing
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
MM-08
|
Social
and Non Profit Marketing
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
MM-09
|
Rural
Marketing
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
MM-10
|
Direct
Marketing
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
FINANCIAL
MANAGEMENT
Course
No.
|
Title
of the Course
|
Semester
Examination
|
Internal
Assessment
|
Total
Marks
|
MBA
FM-01
|
Management
of Banks and
Financial
Institutions
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
FM-02
|
Security
Analysis & Investment
Management
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
FM-03
|
International
Financial
Management
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
FM-04
|
Tax
Factors in Business
Decisions
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
FM-05
|
Creating
Value through Corporate Restructuring
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
FM-06
|
Project
Management
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
FM-07
|
Management
of Financial
Services
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
FM-08
|
Management
Control System
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
FM-09
|
Financial
Engineering
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT
Course
No.
|
Title
of the Course
|
Semester
Examination
|
Internal
Assessment
|
Total
Marks
|
MBA
IT-01
|
System
Analysis Design and
Implementation
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
IT-02
|
Decision
Support Systems
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
IT-03
|
Data
Base and Information
Management
Systems
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
IT-04
|
Data
Communication & Net work
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
IT-05
|
Internet
and Intranet Technology
Management
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
IT-06
|
Planning
and Implementing
Information
Technology Strategy
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
IT-07
|
Information
Systems in Business
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
IT-08
|
Electronic
Commerce
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
IT-09
|
Software
Engineering
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
IT-10
|
Artificial
Intelligence and Neural Networks for Business Applications
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
OPERATIONS
MANAGEMENT
Course
No.
|
Title
of the Course
|
Semester
Examination
|
Internal
Assessment
|
Total
Marks
|
MBA
OM-01
|
Materials
Management
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
OM-02
|
Quality
& Reliability Management
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
OM-03
|
Logistics
Management
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
OM-04
|
Industrial
Engineering
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
OM-05
|
Production
Planning and Control
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
OM-06
|
Technology
and R & D
Management
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
HUMAN
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Course
No.
|
Title
of the Course
|
Semester
Examination
|
Internal
Assessment
|
Total
Marks
|
MBA
HR-01
|
Management
of Industrial
Relations
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
HR-02
|
Manpower
Development
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
HR-03
|
Human
Resource Development;
Strategies
& Systems
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
HR-04
|
Labour
laws
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
HR-05
|
Managing
Interpersonal & Group Process
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
HR-06
|
Human
Resource Accounting & Information
System
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
HR-
07
|
Organisational
Effectiveness and Change
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
SECTORAL
MANAGEMENT
Course
No.
|
Title
of the Course
|
Semester
Examination
|
Internal
Assessment
|
Total
Marks
|
MBA
SM-01
|
Management
of Health Services
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
SM-02
|
Management
of Educational Systems
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
SM-03
|
Small
Business Environment
Management
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
SM-04
|
Management
of Service
Organisations
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
MBA
SM-05
|
Entrepreneurial
Development & New
Enterprise Development
|
60
|
40
|
100
|
Depending
on circumstances prevailing in the market, the University reserves the
right to change any paper and to increase or decrease the number of
optional papers.
6.
Scheme of Examination
Each
theory course shall carry 100 marks. Of these, 60 marks shall be for
Semester Examination and 40 marks for internal assessment. In paper
MBA-108 Computers in Management the following pattern will be followed:
(a) Internal
Assessment
Practical
15 marks
Theory
25 marks
(b) Semester
Examination:
Practical
20
Theory
40
7.
Internal Assessment
a)
Internal assessment for 30 marks in respect of Theory papers will
be based on class-room tests, case discussions assignments, quizzes,
presentations and viva-voice examinations etc. The evaluation shall be
done by course instructors and marks will be notified within a week of
such test.
b)
There shall be two to three tests in each course in each
semester. However, it is upto the individual faculty member to announce
the date for tests or conduct them without prior announcement.
c)
Internal assessment for 10 marks shall be done by course
instructor based on the class room performance of the student including
class attendance and class participation .
d)
Consolidated marks of various components of evaluation shall be
maintained by the teacher concerned for each student and the same will
be notified at the end of the semester.
e)
The internal assessment marks shall be submitted by Head of the
Department to the Registrar at the end of the semester.
f)
A candidate who has to reappear (as an ex-student) in the
examination of a course will retain the marks of internal assessment.
g)
A student who is required to seek re-admission for whatever
reason will be required to appear for internal assessment afresh.
8.
Attendance
a)
All students must attend every lecture and practical class.
However, to account for the late joining or other such contingencies,
the attendance requirement for appearing in the examinations shall be a
minimum of 75% of the classes actually held.
b)
In order to maintain the attendance record of a particular
course, a roll call will be taken by the teacher in every scheduled
lecture and practical class. For the purposes of attendance, every
scheduled practical class will count as one attendance unit,
irrespective of the number of contact hours.
c)
The teacher in-charge will consolidate the attendance record for
the lectures and practicals for each student. Attendance on account of
participation in the prescribed functions of NCC, NSS, Inter-university
sports, educational tours/field work assigned by the university to
students shall be credited to the aggregate, provided the attendance
record, duly counter signed by the Officer in-charge, is sent to the
Head of Department/ Dean of the Faculty within two weeks of time after
the function/ activity, etc.
d)
The statements of attendance of students shall be displayed on
the Department’s Notice Board at the end of each month and
consolidated attendance before the conclusion of each semester as given
in the University Calendar. A copy of the same shall be sent to the Head
of Department/Office of Dean of Faculty for record. Notices displayed on
the Notice Board shall be deemed to be a proper notification, and no
individual notice shall be sent to students.
e)
If a students is found to be continuously absent from the classes
without information for a period of 30 days, the teacher Incharge shall
report it to the Registrar through the Head of Department/ Dean.
Registrar will issue a notice to such student, as to why his/ her
admission should not be cancelled. A decision on cancellation of
admission will be taken by the Registrar within 30 days of issue of the
notice. A copy of the order shall be communicated to the student.
f)
A student with less than 75% attendance of the lectures and
practicals separately in each subject/ course shall be detained from
appearing in the end semester examination.
The Dean of Faculty concerned may consider application for the
condonation of attendance upto 5% on account of sickness or any other
extenuation circumstances, provided the application for condonation of
attendance, duly certified by Registered Medical Practitioner and
supported by documentary evidence is submitted within 7 days from the
recovery.
g)
A student detained on account of attendance will be re-admitted
to the same class in the next academic year on payment of current fees
except Enrolment fee, identity card fee and security deposits.
a)
The Semester examinations shall be held at the end of each
semester as per notified schedule.
There
shall be no supplementary examination. Candidates shall appear in the
examination of their uncleared courses at the next Semester examination
of the same paper along with other students of junior batch. Thus, the
left over courses of first semester shall be cleared in the III Semester
and those of II semester in IV semester. Likewise,leftover courses of
III and IV semester would be taken by the student next year along with
the junior batch.
b)
The duration of Semester examinations in theory and Lab papers will be 3
hours. The practical examination shall be conducted by one internal
examiner and one external examiner.
c)
The question papers shall be set by either an external or an
internal examiner duly appointed
through board of studies/ Vice Chancellor's approval.
d)
The papers set by the examiners shall be moderated by a panel of
moderators constituted at the
end of each semester.
e)
Every candidate shall have to undergo eight weeks summer training
in an organization of repute in India or abroad. The project for the
summer training shall be assigned by the organization concerned.
f)
Upon completion of the training, the training report has to be
submitted in duplicate immediately on
joining the third semester.
g)
The candidate shall have to make an oral presentation of his/her
training report before a joint session
of the faculty and students. Presentation of report shall carry 40
marks.
h)
The faculty shall evaluate the presentation at the end of each
session and record of marks shall be
maintained by the teacher in-charge. A consolidated marks list duly
signed by the Head of the Department shall be sent to the Registrar at
the conclusion of presentations.
i)
The same shall be examined by an internal examiner
out of sixty marks. The total training shall
carry 100 marks.
j)
Any candidate who fails to defend his /her training report
satisfactorily shall have to undergo
training
afresh at the following year and defend it in similar manner as laid
down above.
k)
All students are required to be present at the time of presentation. Their
attendance will be taken
into
account while awarding marks for presentation.
l)
Every candidate shall have to prepare a project study/
dissertation in the fourth semester. The subject of project/dissertation
shall be approved on the recommendations of the Supervisor(s) and the
Head of the Department.
m)
A student will be required to maintain record of periodic
progress in the project in a diary. He/ She should be in constant touch
with his guide/supervisor and obtain his signature in the diary. There
would be continuous appraisal of the project which will carry 40 marks
as apart of internal assessment .
n)
The minimum pass marks shall be 45% in each theory/ Lab course/
dissertation and viva-voce (combined examination).
10. Promotion
Criteria
a)
A candidate who fails to secure 75% attendance in any course
during a particular semester will have to seek re-admission.
b)
No candidate shall be promoted to MBA Semester - II if he/ she
fails in more than three (3) papers of MBA Semester-I Examinations.
Such student shall seek re-admission in Ist semester in the next
academic session as a regular student.
c)
A candidate may be promoted to 2nd Year if he/ she has
secured at least 45% marks in
atleast
12 subjects out of 16 prescribed in Semester I and Semester II taken
together.
d)
No candidate shall be promoted to MBA Semester - IV if he/ she
fails in more than four (4) papers of the preceding three semesters
taken together. Such
student shall seek re-admission in III semester in the next academic
session as a regular student.
e)
After the declaration of the IV semester results if a candidate
fails in any paper taking all the four semesters together he/she will
have to reappear in these papers in concerned semester in next academic
year as an ex student along with the next batch.
11.
Classification of successful Candidates
a)
The result of the successful candidates shall be classified at
the end of the final year of examination on the basis of the aggregate
of marks of all subjects (theory, practical and project) secured by the
candidate in the I & II year examinations, as indicated below:
Distinction
:
¦75%
and above
I
Division
:
¦60%
and < 75%
II
Division
:
¦45%
and <60%
Fail
:
Less than 45%
b)
Candidates securing 75% or above marks in any course(s) and
having passed whole of the examination in first attempt shall be
declared to have obtained Distinction in that course(s).
c)
A student shall be awarded Gold Medal if he/ she secures highest
marks in aggregate of four semesters and has cleared
all papers in first attempt.
12.
Span Period
A
Student must complete all the requirements of MBA degree within a total
period of four years from their admission. In a genuine case, if only
dissertation is left to be cleared, permission may be granted to submit
it even beyond the period of four years with prior approval of Vice -
Chancellor.
COURSES
OF STUDY
MBA
101:
ORGANIZATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR & MANAGEMENT PROCESS
UNIT
I :-
Evolution of Management
Thought :-
The meaning of management ,
levels of management , managerial
processes
, skills and roles of a Manager.
UNIT
II :-
Foundations of
Organisational Behaviour :-
The
nature and determinants of organisational behaviours , contributing
disciplines of the O.B. field , Models
of organisational Behaviour .
UNIT
III :-
Understanding and
Managing Individual Behaviour
Personality , Work Motivation , Job Satisfaction , Decision
Making Process .
UNIT
IV :-
Understanding and
Managing Group Processes :-
Managing group dynamics , communication , leadership .
UNIT
V :-
Understanding and Managing Organisational System :
Organisational Structure , Organisational Design , Work Stress
.
SUGGESTED
READINGS :-
1.
Robbins, S.P., Organizational Behaviour , 8th ed.
New Delhi, Prentice Hall of India 1998.
2.
Luthans, F., Organizational Behaviours, 8th ed. New
Yark , McGraw Hill, 1998.
3.
Carrell, M.R. Tennings , D.F. and Heavrin, C. Fundamentals of
Organisational Behaviour , Prentice Hall Indternational, Inc. 1997.
4.
Singh , B.P. and Chhabra, T.N. , Organisation Theory and
Behaviour , 2nd ed 1998.
5.
Davis, K. Human Behaviour at work , Tata McGraw Hill
6.
Sekaran Uma , Organizational Behaviour , Tata McGraw Hill ,
1997.
MBA
102 : QUANTITATIVE METHODS
UNIT
I
:-
Measure of central tendencies and dispersions. Elementary
Probability Theory. Normal, Binomial
and Poisson Distribution.
UNIT
II
:-
Elementary Sampling
Theory , Estimation Theory,
Hypothesis
Testing, Small Sampling
Theory . " Students " t distribution and x2
Distribution.
UNIT
III :-
Linear Correlation and Regression , Variance Analysis.
UNIT
IV :-
Analysis of Time
Series , Index numbers , Nonparametric Test .
UNIT
V :-
Optimization techniques . Linear Programming , Integer
Programming
SUGGESTED
READINGS :
1.
Gupta, SP and Gupta MP. Business Statistics New Delhi; Sultan
Chand and Sons, 1997.
2.
Kazmier , LJ and Pohl, NF, Basic Statistics for Business and
Economics .New York, McGraw Hill, 1998.
3.
Levin Rchard and Rubin Daavid S. Statistics for Management ,
New Jersey , Prentice Hall, 1995.
4.
Narang, A.S. Linear Programming and Decision Making , New
Delhi, Sultan Chand and Sons 1995.
5.
Ravindran, Philips & Solberg Operations Research 2nd
Edition John Wiley & Sons.
MBA
- 103 : MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
UNIT
I :-
Concepts and techniques , Nature of business decision making,
marginal analysis, utility . Consumer behaviour –theory of demand,
Indifference curve and revealed preference
, income effect and price effects and demand forecasts.
UNIT
II :-
Production and Costs- Production functions, Isoquants , Laws
of
returns to scale,
Cost curves, fixed costs, variable costs, Break even
analysis , Firm’s goals – profit
maximization , Sales revenue
maximization , Marris Model and Behavioural
Model .
UNIT
III
:-
Market Structure – Perfect competition , monopoly ,
monopolistic
competition , oligopoly ,
Pricing of goods and services .
UNIT
IV :-
Factors of production , pricing and employment of inputs,
labour market , Capital, Capital
budgeting process, Cash
flows and capital rationing.
UNIT
V :-
Recent developments and applications in Indian Industry. Core
competencies
of firms,
centralization and decentralization , role of management,globalization
and liberalization .
Suggested
Readings: -
1.
H.Craig Petersen & W Cris Lewis : Managerial Economics
2.
Walter Nicholson : Microeconomics & its Applications
3.
A. Koutsoyiannis :
Modern Microeconomics
4.
Various Issues of Economic and Political Weekly
5.
Business Newspapers , Business magazines and Journals .
MBA
- 104 : FINANCIAL AND
MANAGEMENT
ACCOUNTING
UNIT I :-
FUNDAMENTALS OF ACCOUNTING
·
Introduction
to Financial & Management Accounting.
·
Accounting
Process – An Overview
·
Books
of Original Record
·
Ledger
and Trial Balance
·
Accounting
Concepts
·
Preparation
of Simple Final Accounts
·
Final
Accounts with Adjustments
UNIT
II :-
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND THEIR ANALYSIS
·
Understanding
Financial Statements
·
Analysis
of Financial Statements( Techniques & Key Ratios)
·
Fund
Flow Statement (simple)
UNIT
III :- COST
CONCEPTS
·
Basic
Concepts
·
Classification
of Costs
·
Elements
of Cost and Cost Sheet
·
Ascertainment
and Allocation of Cost ( material, Labour & Overheads)
·
Inventory
Valuation
UNIT IV
:- ACCOUNTING
FOR PLANNING & CONTROL
·
Budgeting
and Budgetary Control
·
Standard
Costing
·
Variance
analysis
UNIT V
:-
ACCOUNTING FOR DECISION MAKING
·
Variable
(Managerial ) Costing
·
Cost
Volume Profit Analysis
·
Relevant
Costs for Decision Making
SUGGESTED
READINGS :
1.
S.N. Maheshwari
Financial and Management Accounting
(Sultan Chand & Sons)
2.
Dinesh D.Harsolekar
Financial Accounting for Management
(Multi-Tech Publishing )
3.
I.M. Pandey
Essentials of Management Accounting
(Vikas Publishing House)
4.
Dhameja & Shastry
Accounting & Finance for Managers
(A.H. Wheeler)
5.
M.Y.Khan & P.K. Jain
Management Accounting
(Tata
McGraw Hill)
6.
Bhattacharya & Dearden
Financial Accounting for Management :
Text & Cases ( Vikas)
7.
Horngreen
Introduction to Management Accounting,
(prentice Hall of
India)
MBA-105
: MARKETING MANAGEMENT
UNIT
I:-
MARKETING BASICS.
Marketing and its core concepts; needs, wants, Demands,
exchange etc. Marketing
management and its tasks in
different situations, different philosophies
of marketing management;
the marketing environment; marketing
information system and marketing research.
UNIT II:- MAJOR MARKETING CONCEPTS AND
CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR
Concepts and components of marketing mix; target marketing;
market segmentation;
positioning; consumer buying
behaviour; consumer buying decision
process.
UNIT
III:-
MANAGING PRODUCTS.
Basic concepts of a product; Concept of customer delight,
Product mix and product
line decisions; branding
and
packaging decisions;
new product
development process.
UNIT
IV:-
PLC AND PRICING
Product life
cycle (PLC) and related
strategies; meaning and
significance of price; factors influencing pricing;
general pricing approaches; pricing practice and strategies.
UNIT
V :-
DISTRIBUTION AND
COMMUNICATION
Marketing channels and functions;
designing a marketing channel; concepts and elements of promotion mix.
Integrated marketing communications organising
and implementing marketing in the organisation. Evaluation and
control of marketing efforts.
SUGGESTED
READINGS.
1.
Kotler,
P.
Marketing Management, analysis, Planning and control.(PHI)
2.
Gandhi,
J.C.
Marketing : A Managerial Introduction.
3.
Stanton
& Fultroll.
Fundamentals Marketing (TMH)
4.
Jha
& Singh,
Marketing Management in Indian Perspective.
5.
Various Magazines like Business India, Business World,
Advertising and Marketing etc.
MBA
- 106
: HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
UNIT
I :-
FUNDAMENTALS OF HRM
Concepts and Perspectives on Human Recourse Management; Human
Resource Management in Changing
Environment; Human Resource
Management System.
UNIT
II :-
MANPOWER MANAGEMENT
Corporate objective & human recourse planning; Job analysis
and rolled escription; Methods of Manpower
search;
Attracting and Selecting Human Resources;
Induction and Socialization; Manpower Training and
development.
UNIT
III :- COMPENSATION
MANAGEMENT
Job Evaluation and Wage Determination; Salary Structure;
Wage Policies and
Regulations; Performance
Appraisal and Potential Evaluation.
UNIT
IV :- INDUSTRIAL
RELATIONS
Industrial
Relations and Trade unions; Dispute Resolution and Grievance
Management; Employee
Empowerment.
UNIT V
:- WELFARE
MANAGEMENT
Health
and Safety Management; employee assistance programme, Voluntary
welfare schemes and an outline of social security measures etc.
SUGGESTED
READINGS
1.
C.S. Venkata Ratnam et al., Personnel management & Human
Resource Management, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
2.
Monappa and Sayadain, Personnel Management, Tata McGraw Hill,
New Delhi.
3.
De Cenzo & Robins, Human Resource Management, John Wiley,
N.Y.
4.
Cascio W.F. Managing Human Resources : productivity , quality
of work Life Profits.
McGrow Hill New York 1995
5.
Parikh U. and Rao
T.V. , Designing and Managing Human Resource Management , Wiley New
Delhi 1984
MBA
- 107 : BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
COURSE
OBJECTIVE
To
impart knowledge about communication theory and develop skills in
letter writing, report writing and oral presentation .
UNIT
I :-
COMMUNICATION THEORY PART -I
Meaning ; Role, functions and Importance of communication in
Business Organisation ; Communication
Models ; Parts and process; Principles of Business Communication
UNIT
II :- COMMUNICATION
THEORY PART -II
Classification of Communication : Formal & Informal ;
Internal operational and
External Operational;
Personal, Inter-Personal Group ; Downward, Upward and Horizontal
communication; Grapevine
Communication & information overload, One -way and
Two -way ; verbal and non -verbal communication ;
kinetics , Communication barriers proxemics , semiotics , phonetics,
graphics, colour etc.
UNIT
III :- COMMUNICATION
THEORY PART -III
Patterns
of communication ; communication Networks and Designs ,
feed-forward and feedback; Barriers to communication ; Measures
and solutions for effective communication . Conflict &
Conflict Management , Communication in Negotiation, Role of IT in
effective Communication
. Transactional Analysis.
UNIT
IV :- APPLICATION
OF COMMUNICATION PART I
Business
correspondence; Principles of letter writing ; structure and
layout of Business letters ; Planning of letter writing ;
Different Types of Business letters : Trade In-giving / Request
letters; Response letters; Good -News letters; Bad News letter ;
thank you letters ; Complaint letters & Adjustment letters:
letters that grant Adjustments
and letters that refuse Adjustments ; Collection letters;
remainders , inquiry appeal
and warning letters; sales letters : AIDA strategy ; Job
Employment letters and Resume writing . E-mail and the changing
landscape of business communication.
UNIT
V :- APPLICATION
OF COMMUNICATION PART -II & III
Business reports ; structure of reports ; Types of Business
reports ;
steps in report writing ; writing style ; use of illustrations and
writing the report . Interviewing, Public speaking ;
oral presentation ; Group discussions and participation in Business
meetings /conferences . Corporate News
SUGGESTED
READING :-
1.
Lesikar , R.V. and J.D. Petitt , Jr. Business Communication :
Theory and Application Homewood III ; Richard D. Irwin.
2.
Michael, V.P. Communication and Research for management
Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay.
3.
Sharma , R.C & K. Mohan .
Business Report writing and Correspondence (TMH)
MBA
- 201 : ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS
AND CHANGE
UNIT I :-
THE PROCESS OF ORGANIZATIONS
Effectiveness and organizational Development, Organizational
climate and culture
UNIT
II :-
THE GROUP
Conflict and Negotiation, Intergroup Relations
UNIT
III :-
ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE
An
overview of a concept of organizational change Forces for change,
Managing planned change, what can change agents change, Resistance to
change, Approaches to Managing organizational change-Lewin’s Three
step Model and Action Research, Model, How to diagnose and predict of
organizational change.
UNIT
IV :-
THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE
WORKPLACE:
Power and politics within orgnizations.
The process of Empowerment.
UNIT
V:-
ORGANIZATIONAL DYNAMICS
Creativity and Innovation, group Dynamics Business Ethics.
SUGGESTED
READINGS:
1.
Robbins, S.P. Organizational Behaviour, Eight ed.Prentice Hall
of India, 1996.
2.
Luthans.F. Organizational Behaviour, Seventh Edi. Mc Graw Hill
1995
3.
Khandwala, P.N. Organixation Design for Excellence, New Delhi,
Tata McGraw Hill, 1992.
4.
Sekaran Umer, Organizational Behaviour
5.
Szilalgyi, A.D. and Wallace M.J. Organizational Behaviour and
Performance
6.
Davis, K. Human Behaviour at work
7.
Prasad, L.M. Organization Theory and Behaviour
MBA
- 202 : MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
UNIT
I :-
Basic concepts of management Science , Transportation,
transshipment and routing problems.
UNIT
II :-
Assignment models and Goal programming .
UNIT
III :-
Queuing theory for single and multiple
channels inventory management techniques .
UNIT
IV :-
Network concepts, Programme evaluation and
review techniques (PERT) and Critical Path method (CPM).
UNIT
V :-
Decision theory Game theory & Markovian decision process.
SUGGESTED
READINGS:-
1.
Sang M. Lee. : Introduction to Management Science, The Dryden
Press
2.
M.D. Vohra : Quantitative Techniques in Management Tata Mc Graw
3.
Hamdy A. Taha : Operations Research
, prentice Hall India
4.
James L. Riggs : Production Systems, Hohn Wiley & Sons.
5.
U.K. Srivastava & e.t. al : Quantitative Techniques for
management decisions. New Age International Ltd. Publishers .
MBA-203
: ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS
UNIT
I :-
Micro And Macro Economics – Main Features, Variables and
Differences
.
Stock & Flows Variable-Concept of GDP, National Income.
UNIT
II :-
Measurement Technique of National Income :- Value Added Method
Consumption Method, Production
&
Expenditures Method ,
Problem of Measurements with
special reference to underdeveloped countries.
UNIT
III :-
IS-LM curve analysis- significance
role and the limitations . Monetary and Fiscal Policies -
Objectives, and
Limitations. Interaction of Monetary and
fiscal Policies.
UNIT
IV :-
Theories of planning and planning models :- Classical Model ,
Keysian Model , Schumpeter 'Theory,
Harrod-Domar Model, Rostow's Growth Theory.
UNIT
V :-
Industrial & Financial Policy
Reforms, Debt Management , Foreign private investment ,
Intellectual Property Right, Protectionism
& Prospects of Economic Liberalization.
SUGGESTED
READINGS :-
(1)
Acklay Gardener :-
Macro Economic theory & Policy.
(2)
B.N. Ghosh & Rama Ghose :- Modern Macroeconomic
Theory & Policy
(3)
Dasgupta A.K. and Hagger A.J. :-
The Objective of Macro EconomicPolicy
(4)
Dillard D:-
The Economics of J.M.Keynes
(5)
Ghosh B.N.:-
Economic Development & Planning ,
Delhi 1987
(6)
Glahe F.R. :-
macroeconomics 1977
(7)
Taneja & Myer:-
Economics of Development and Planning.
MBA-203
: ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS
UNIT
I :
Micro and Macro Economics : main features, variables and
differences, benefits & limitations Environment -
Internal & External Environment, Macro Environmental Forces,
Emerging Indian Scenario, Social
Responsibility of business & Business ethics.
UNIT
II :
National
Income: Concepts of Gross & Net, Domestic & National and at
Market Prices & Factor Cost. Measurement of National Income -
Consumption method, Production method, Expenditure method and Value
added method. National Income Comparision over time, National Economic
Welfare Feature of Indian Economy.
UNIT
III :
ISLM Curve
Analysis; Inflation - nature,
causes & control Unemployment
and full employment Business
Cycle.
UNIT
IV :
Monetary Policy Fiscal Policy
UNIT
V :
International Trade & Exchange rate determination, Balance
of payment & Balance of Trade.
SUGGESTED
READINGS:
1.
Francis Cherunilam -
Business Environment
2.
K. K. Dewett & Adarsh
- Modern Economic Theory
3.
H. C. Ahuja - Macro Economics
4.
Dornbush & Fischer -
Macro Economics
5.
Business Papers & Magazines
MBA
-204 : FINANCIAL
MANAGEMENT
UNIT-
I :-
(A)Nature and scope of Financial Management. Objectives of
corporate Financial Decisions.
(B)Long
– term Investment Decisions and Capital Budgeting :
Techniques
of Capital Budgeting. Risk Analysis in Capital Budgeting.
Capital
Budgeting under the conditions of Capital rationing and inflationary
conditions. Cost of
Capital : Cost of debt, Cost of preference shares, Cost of equity,
Weighted average cost of capital, Average and marginal cost of
capital.
UNIT
II :-
Working Capital
Decisions – Working capital policy- Size of current assets and
financing of current
assets.
Management of cash and near –cash assets . Management of
Receivables. Management of
inventory .
Short-term Finances.
UNIT
III :-
(A)Financing Decisions:
Capitalisation and capital structure.
Long –term finance – shares and debentures, loan .
(B)Dividend
Policy – Relevance of Dividend Payment. Stability of
Dividend
Payment . Forms of Dividend Payment. Dividend Policy in
Indian
Corporate Sector.
UNIT
IV :-
Financial analysis and
Planning: Financial Statements, Financial Ratio Analysis.
Break-even Analysis, Operating and Financial leverage.
UNIT
V :- Corporate
Expansion and Corporate Failure :
Types of Merges & Acquisition . Factors behind Expansion .
Determination of Consideration Value. Corporate
Failure : Meaning , symptoms, Ways to handle failure . An Introduction
to Recent Trends in Indian money and capital market
SUGGESTED
READINGS:
1)
M.Y. Khan & P.K. Jain
: Financial Management : Text and Problems
2)
I.M. Pandey : Essential
of Financial Management
3)
I.M. Pandey : Financial Management
4)
V.K. Bhalla : Financial Management & Policy
5)
P. Chandra : Financial Management
6)
M.Y. Khan : Financial Management
MBA-205
: OPERATION
MANAGEMENT
UNIT I :-
Nature
and scope of production & operation management.
Difference between
products & services.
Enterprise competitiveness and operation function
(Cost, Quantity, Dependability & Flexibility )Introduction to
mathematical models.
UNIT
II :-
Facility Location, Locational Factors, Critical, Objective
& Subjective criteria. Multi-attribute
Plant Location Model. Types
of manufacturing system and Plant Layout.
Process Layout, Product Layout & Combination Layout.
UNIT
III :-
Quality Control & Assurance, Kinds of Control.
Process control charts, X-R-chart, P-chart and C-chart.
Acceptance Sampling.
Operating Characteristic
(OC) curve. Work
Measurement.
UNIT
IV :-
Aggregate Production/operation planning, Planning strategies,
Pure and mixed strategy. Linear Decision Rule (DLR).
Production/operation Scheduling.
Criteria & Objective functions for scheduling.
Scheduling Procedures. Shortest
Processing Time Procedure. Due
Date Procedure, More Procedure & weighted shortest processing time
procedure.
UNIT
V :-
Inventory Planing and Control.
Basic inventory Model Economic Order Quantity(EOQ) & Basic
assumptions. Effect of
quantity and price discount. Multiple
Product and Resource and Constraints.
Inventory Model with uncertain demand.
Single Period Model, Order quantity- Recorder Point Model.
Service Level Method to determine Q and ROP, ABC
classification.
SUGGESTED
READINGS :-
1)
Chary.
S:
Production and Operations Management . (TMH) New Delhi.
2)
Buffa
and Sarin
: Production and
Operations Management , Wiley Eastern (India) Ltd.
3)
J.L.
Riggs
: Production and
Operations Management
4)
Tersine,
R.J.:
Production and Operations Management, Concept structure and
5)
Analysis. North
Holland, New York.
MBA
- 206 : MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
UNIT
I :-
Business in the Information Age -
Pressures and Responses Introduction to Information System ; Evolution
of information system ; concepts of information and data; extracting
information from data ; meaning and role of information system;
systems approach applied to information system.
UNIT
II :-
Types of Information
system and Database :
Transaction processing system ; information reporting
system ; decision support system ; executive support system ; export
system; introduction to database
concepts and database ; RDBMS,
UNIT
III :-
Building Information
System : Introduction
; data flow diagram ; traditional flowchart ; structured charts
;design output for users; output design rules and selected examples ;
output devices.
UNIT
IV :-
Approach to Information System Development
System life cycle approach ; and prototype approach.
UNIT
V :- Telecommunication
and Networking :
Telecommunication ; Modem ;network devices and facilities;
network architecture, standards and protocol; LAN ; WAN : End-user
computing and development
management of information system .
SUGGESTED
READINGS :
1.
Laudon & Laudon management information System.
2.
Alter, S. - Information System
3.
Turban Raner Potter - introduction to Information Technology
4.
Kanter J. Management
Information System.
5.
Kanter H. Management Oriented Information Systems.
6.
Gordon, D . Olson B & Margrethe H
Management information System.
7.
Dickson et al .
The management
Information System.
8.
Burch & Grudnitski Information
System - Theory and Practice John
Wiley & Sons, New York
9.
Tanenbaum , A.S. Computer networks Prentice Hall of India , New
Delhi.
MBA
- 207
MARKETING RESEARCH
Unit
I :-
Marketing Research : Definition and Frameworks :
Definition
and scope of marketing research; marketing information system;
research framework. Marketing Research Environment in India. Research
Design & its types, Concept of causality.
Unit
II :-
Experimental Designs, and Scaling Techniques :
Experimentation
& Experimental errors; statistical experimental design; concept of
measurement in research. scales
of measurement; concept of validity
and reliability.
Unit
III :-
Attitude Scales, Questionnaire Design,
Probability Sampling and
Sampling
Distribution :
Attitude
Scales; composing questionnaire;
probability sampling; sampling distribution; fundamentals of
sample size determination
techniques; methods of sample size determination.
Unit
IV :-
Data Analysis: Analysis of Differences:
A
general frame-work for Analysis. General hypothesis – testing
procedure; non-parametric statistics; Chi-square tests;Mann
Whitney test; Kruskal Wallis test; Kolmogorov- Smirnov test;
parametric statistics;Z-test and t-test; Z and t test for difference
between 2 means; one way ANOVA; Two way
ANOVA.
Unit
V :-
Data Analysis:
Measuring Associations:
Simple regression; Multiple regression; Correlation analysis.
Contemporary Applications of Marketing
Research, Marketing Research on Internet.
SUGGESTED
READING:
1.
Boyd, Westfall and Stasch
Marketing Research: Test and Cases, Richard D. Irwin, homewood,
Illinois.
2.
Levin, R.I., Rubin, D.S., Statistics for Management,
Prentice-Hall, New Delhi.
3.
Majumdar, R. Marketing Research: Text, Applications and Case
Studies, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
4.
Tull, D.S., Hawkins, D.I., Marketing Research: Measurement and
Methods, Macmillan, New York.
5.
Marketing Research : Methodological Foundation : Gilbert A.
Churchill.
6.
Marketing Research : Ronald S. Rubin & David J. Luck
7.
Marketing Research : Green Tull and Albaum
MBA
- 300 : BUSINESS POLICY AND
STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT
OBJECTIVE
The
main objective of this course is to develop the perspective for the
overall management of the enterprise from the point of view of top
management , keeping in view the opportunities and threats posed by
the environment .
UNIT
I :-
Introduction
: Business Policy as a Field of Study , Nature and Scope of Strategic
Management , Concept of Corporate Strategy and
Tactics, Concept of Synergy and its Relevance to Strategy,
Strategic Decision Making , Strategic Management Process ; Corporate
Mission, Purpose & Objectives ; Social Responsibilities of
Business . Board of Directors Role of Functions . Top Management
- Role & Skill .
UNIT
II :-
swot Analysis : Environmental Analysis, Competitive Analysis,
Internal Corporate Analysis. Strategic Alternatives : Stability ,
Expansion , Retrenchment, Combination Strategies . Diversification ,
Merger & Acquisition .
UNIT
III :-
Evaluation
& Choice of Strategy : Factors affecting strategic choice . Tools
and techniques of
Strategic Analysis . Impact Matrix , the Experience Curve , BCG Matrix
, GEC Model , Strategic Profile of a Firm Competitive Advantage of GEC
Model.
UNIT
IV:-
Implementing Strategic Plan : Process of Strategy
Implementation , Resource Allocation , Organisation structures and
Processes, and Behavioural Considerations. Strategy Evaluation and
Reformulation .
UNIT
V :-
Corporate Policies in Production Management , Marketing
Management , Financial Management
and Human Resource Management . Case Studies in Strategic
Management .
RECOMMENDED
TEXTS :
1.
Ansoff, H. Igor : " Corporate Strategy :, Penguin .
2.
McCarthy , Minichiello & Curranusiness : " Policies
and Strategies , Concepts and Reading ", Richard Irwin .
RECOMMENDED
READINGS :
1.
Kenneth A " Andrews Concept of Corporate Strategy ".
2.
Bonge and Colemen : " Concepts of Corporate Strategy
".
3.
Newman
and Logan Strategy : " Policies and Central Management ",
South Western
4.
Jauch
and Glueck : " Business Policy and Strategic Management ",
McGraw Hill.
5.
Azhar
Kazmi : " Business Policy ", Tata McGraw Hill , New Delhi.
MBA
- 301 : ADVERTISING AND COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT
OBJECTIVES
The
aim of the paper is to acquaint the students with concepts, techniques
and give experience in the application of concepts for developing an
effective advertising programme.
UNIT
I :-
DEFINITION OF ADVERTISEMENT , ITS MEANING AND ITS
ROLE IN MARKETING PROCESS.
Advertising’s Role
in Marketing Process; Legal Ethical and Social Aspects
of Advertising Process of
Communication – Wilbur Schramm’s Model
, Two Step Flow of
Communication.
UNIT
II :-
DEVELOPING ADVERTISING
STRATEGIES
Theory
of Cognitive Dissonance and Clues for Advertising Strategies :
Stimulation of Primary and Selective Demand- Objective Setting and
Market Positioning
UNIT
III :- BUILDING
AN ADVERTISING PROGRAMME .
Dagmar
Approach – Determination of Target Audience ; Building of
Advertising Programme – Message, Headlines, Copy, Logo ,Illustration
, Appeal, Layout; Campaign Planning ; Media Planning ; Budgeting
UNIT IV :-
SELECTING AN ADVERTISING PROGRAMME
Evaluation
– Rational of Testing Opinion and Aptitude Tests, Recognition ,
Recall , Experimental Designs
UNIT
V :-
ADVERTISING ORGANISATION SELECTION .
Advertising
Organisation – Selection Compensation and Appraisal of an
Agency ; Electronic Media Buying . Future of Advertising in India.
SUGGESTED
READINGS :
1.
Aaker, Devid A etc. Advertising Management , 4th ed.
New Delhi , Prentice Hall of India , 1985.
2.
Beleh, George E and Beleh , Michael A. Introduction to
Advertising and Promotion . 3rd ed. Chicago , Irwin ,1995.
3.
Borden, William H. Advertising . New york , John Wiley , 1981.
4.
Hard, Norman. The Practice
of Advertising . Oxford , Butterworth Heinemann , 1995 .
5.
Kleppner ,Otto. Advertising Procedure . Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey, Prentice Hall Infc, 1986.
6.
Ogilvy, David . Ogilvy on Adversiting London , Longman , 1983.
7.
Russel , Thomas and Verrill, Glann. Klepper’s Advertising
Procedure . Englewood Cliffs
, New Jersey., prentice Hall- Inc., 1986.
8.
Sandage C H and Fryburger . Advertising Theory and Practice .
Homewood Illinois, Richard D. Irwin, 1987.
9.
Sengupta , Subroto. Brand Positioning Strategies for
Competitive Advantages. New Delhi, Tata McGraw Hill , 1990.
10.
Philinp Kotler : Marketing Management ,PHI, New Delhi .
MBA
- 302
: SALES AND DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT
UNIT I :-
SALES AND DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY : AN OVERVIEW
Marketing,
sales and distribution linkage; What is Selling?, Sales men-ship: its
relation ship with sales management & personal selling ; myths
about selling , characteristics of sales job; Conceptual model of
" Sales person- buyer ", Dyadic
relationship ; selling theories; formulation of personal
selling strategies.
UNIT
II :-
SELLING PROCESS AND SALES ORGANIZATION :
Prospecting ; pre-approach and call
planning ; approach and
presentation; objection handling
and sales
close. Purpose of sales
organization ,setting up a sales organization, Basic types of Sales
organizational
Structure.
UNIT III
:- SALES
FORCE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Recruitment
and selection of sales force; sales force training : objectives and
techniques ; Basic issues Sales Force Compensation , Sales territories
: Concept , reason for establishing territories, revising Routing
& Scheduling Sales personnel.
Sales Quotas : types of quotas & their administration.
Performance appraisal and equation
UNIT IV
:- MARKETING
CHANNEL AND DESIGN
Designing
channel system; wholesaling ; retailing ; channel conflict and
resolution; sales display and channel for services.
UNIT V
:- PHYSICAL
DISTRIBUTION STRUCTURE AND CHANNEL
Warehousing
; transportation ; inventory management ; logistic communication ;
distribution cost control. Supply Chain management , Role of
Information technology in Channel management.
SUGGESTED
READINGS :
1.
Still, Cundiff and Govoni ; Sales Management , prentice Hall
India, New Delhi.
2.
Johnson and others : Sales Management , McGraw Hill
3.
Ressel and others : Selling , McGraw Hill
4.
Futrell and Stanton: Management of Salesforce, Richard D.
Irwin, Homewood,
5.
Illinols
6.
Stern & Al-Ansary: Marketing Channels, prentice Hall India
, New Delhi.
7.
Bower, Sox and others: Management in Marketing Channel , McGraw
Hill
8.
Philip Kotler: Marketing Management , Prentice Hall India, New
Delhi.
MBA
- 304 : INTERNATIONAL MARKETING
UNIT
I :-
INTERNATIONAL MARKET ENVIRONMENT
¨
International
Marketing : Conceptual Aspects
¨
Economic
Environment
¨
Socio
- Cultural Environment
¨
Political
Environment
UNIT
II :-
PLANNING FOR INTERNATIONAL MARKETING
¨
International
Marketing Planning
¨
International
Marketing Research and Information System
¨
Global
Segmentation, Training and Positioning
¨
International
Market Analysis & Foreign Market Entry Strategies
UNIT
III :- PRODUCT
AND PRICING STRATEGIES
¨
Product
Planning
¨
Branding
and Packaging Decisions
¨
Pricing
Strategies
¨
Terms
of Sale and Payment
UNIT
IV :- DISTRIBUTION
AND PROMOTION STRATEGIES
¨
Channels
of Distribution
¨
Physical
Distribution
¨
Advertising
¨
Personal
Selling, Publicity and Sales Promotions
UNIT
V :-
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS, CO-ORDINATION AND CONTROL
¨
Emerging
Markets and Market Behaviour
¨
Planning
, Organization and Control of International Marketing
¨
The
future of International Marketing
SUGGESTED
BOOKS :
1.
Onkvisit , Sak and Shaw, J. J. International Marketing :
Analysis and Strategy, PHI , New Delhi. ( Latest Edition )
2.
Keegan , Warren, Global Marketing Management, Englewood Cliffs,
Prentice- Hall Inc., New Jersey, also by PHI, New Delhi.( Latest
Edition )
3.
Terpstra, Vern and Sarthy R. International Marketing , Dryden
Press, Orlando ( Latest Edition )
4.
Philip R. Cateora, International Marketing, IRWIN, Chicago (
Latest Edition )
5.
Varsheny and Bhattacharya , International Marketing Management
, Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi. ( Latest Edition )
MBA
- 306
: STRATEGIC BRANDS
MANAGEMENT
UNIT
I :-
Understanding Brand Equity
What is Brand ; what can be
branded ; why do brands matter Concept of brand equity ; Sources and
Benefits
of brand equity Brand Knowledge Structures - Brand Awareness,
Brand Image; Determining
Desired Brand
Knowledge Structures.
UNIT
II :- Building
Brand Equity
Choosing Brand Elements ; Criteria for choice ; brand element
options and tactics Designing
Marketing
Programs- Product , Pricing, Channels strategy Integrating Marketing
Programs - Communications Options ;
Integrating Programs Leveraging Secondary Brand Associations.
UNIT
III :- Measuring
Brand Equity
Measuring Sources of Brand Equity ; Research - Qualitative and
Quantitative
Measuring Outcomes of Brand
Equity - Comparative and Holistic Methods Brand Equity Measurement
Systems - Brand Audits, Brand
Tracking Studies , Establishing a Brand Equity Management System.
UNIT
IV :-
Managing Brand Equity : Brand Extensions
Branding Strategies - Brand Product Matrix, Brand Hierarchy ,
Designing a Branding Strategy Brand
Extensions - Advantages / Disadvantages , Evaluating Extensions and
Opportunities.
UNIT
V :-
Managing Brand Equity : Over Time & Geography
Managing Brands over Time - Reinforcing and Revitalizing Brands
, Brand Portfolio Managing Brands over
Geographical Boundaries, Cultures and Market Segments -
Global
MBA
- 313
: INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
UNIT
I :-
International Financial
and Monetary Environment :
Balance
of Payments – Structure and Adjustment .
Developments in the International Monetary System .
Exchange Rate Mechanism - Quotation , Determination , Theories of
Exchange Rate Behaviour
UNIT
II :-
Foreign Exchange Market :
Spot and
forward Market . Market
for currency futures . Market
for currency `
options . Measurement
and
Management of Exchange Rate Risk .
UNIT
III :-
Investment Decisions of
multilateral corporations :
Theories
of Foreign Direct Investment .
Modes of Foreign Direct Investment .International
Capital Budgeting .
Measurement and Management of Political Risk , International Portfolio
Investment .
UNIT
IV :-
Financing
Decisions of MNCs :
Overview
of International Financial Market .
International Development Banking .
International Banks .
International Securities Market .
Financial Swaps . Interest
Rate Risk Management .
UNIT
V :-
International Working
Capital Management :
Working
capital Policy . Management
of Cash and other Current Assets.
Foreign Trade Financing.
Transfer Pricing .
BOOKS
FOR REFERENCES :
1.
A. Shapiro , Multinational Financial Management , Prentice
Hall.
2.
A. Buckley ,
International Financial Management , Prentice Hall.
3.
Yadav and Jain ,
International Finance, Macmillan
.
4.
J. Madura ,
International Financial Management , Westview Press.
5.
Kim & Kim ,
International Financial Management
. Kolb Publications .
MBA-315
: CREATING VALUE THROUGH CORPORATE RESTRUCTURING
UNIT
I :-
Mergers,
Acquisitions and Restructuring - An Overview
: Forms of
Corporate Restructuring - Corporate Control - Historical Perspective
of Mergers - Rationale for the Existence
of the Firm - Forms of Organization - Organization Behavior -
Extensions and Conclusions. Strategy , Diversification and Mergers :
Basic Steps in Strategic Planning - Diversity in Strategic Planning -
Diversity in Strategic Planning Process - Strategy Formulation
Approaches and their Evaluation - BCG - Porter - Adaptive
Process - Formulation of a Competitive Strategy - Diversification
Strategy. Types and Characteristics of a Merger : Economic Rationale
for Major Types of Mergers - A Framework for Analysis of Mergers - a
Framework for Analysis of Mergers - Horizontal and Related Mergers and
Managerial Synergy - Pure conglomerate Merger and Financial Synergy -
Merger types and the Role of Industry Life Cycle .
UNIT
II :-
A
Famework for Corporate Finance : Theory of the Firm and Corporate
Finance -Capital Structure Theories - Divided Policy Theories -
Dividend Policy Theories - Investment , Dividends and Taxes -
Financial Position Trends - The Market Impact of New Financing . The
Financial Methodology of Valuation : Valuation Principles -
Capital Budgeting Decisions - Cash Flows - Definition and Measurement
- Basis for Firm Valuation : Capital Budgeting and the Free Cash Flow
- Dividend Growth Valuation Model - Valuation Models - Alternate
Measures of the Investment Rate - Calculation of Cost of Capital -
Sensitivity Analysis. Mergers
and Divestitures : Theories of Mergers and Tender Offers - Theories of
Efficiency - Information and Signaling - Agency Problems and
Managerialism - Free Cash
Flow Hypothesis - Market Power - Tax Considerations .
UNIT
III :-
Self
Off and Divestitures : Definition , Financial Effects and Analysis
- Spin Off - Equity Carve Outs - Self off Gains : Explanation and
Rationale - Divestiture Motives - Voluntary Liquidations and Takeover
Bust -ups - Empirical Tests of Alternate Theories of
Merger - Unsuccessful Takeover - Timing of Merger Activity -
Mergers and the Macro-economy - Tests of the Merger Wave Hypothesis -
Aggregate Conglomerate Activity :
A Model - Other Timing Related Phenomena . Deal Structuring :
Tax Planning Options - Payment and Leverage Methods - Effects of
Methods of Payment - Theories of the Influence of Method of Payment on
Abnormal Returns - Junk Bonds : Its
Role - Post Merger Financial Leverage . Restructuring : Joint Ventures
: JVs in Business Strategy , Rationale Tests of the Role of JVs -
ESOPs and MLPs : Nature and History , Usage , Analysis and Evidence -
Going Private and Leveraged
Buy-out
:
Economic and Financial Factors , Elements of an LBO Operation,
Conditions and Circumstances of Going - Private Buy - outs, Empirical
Results on Going -
Private - LBO and Post Buy out Equity Value - Internal Mergers and
Restructuring : Reasons and Empirical Evidence for
International M & As.
UNIT
IV :-
Corporate Control :
Share Repurchase and Exchanges : Nature of Cash Share Repurchase ,
Basic Stock Repurchase Model , Theories Behind Share Repurchases ,
Exchange Offers - Mechanisms Underlying Corporate Control : Internal
and External Control Mechanism , Managerial Ownership and Corporate
Performance, Voting Rights and value of control, Dual - Class Re-capitalizations,
Proxy Contests - Takeover Defenses : Financial Defensive Measures ,
Coercive Offers and Defense Anti- Takeover Amendments, Poison Pill
Defense , Targeted Share Repurchase and
Standstill Agreements , Strategic Reactions by Targets.
Regulatory Environment and Public Policy : Regulation of
Securities and Trading
and Takeovers - Evaluation of Arbitrage and Insider Trading , Risk
Arbitrage , Theory of insider Trading , Insider Trading and at
International Level, Public Policy - Antitrust Laws,
The Structural Theory Us Dynamic Competition, Application of
the Structural Theory in Merges Cases , The Recent Developments and
their implications .
UNIT
V:-
Managerial
Strategies : Review of Theories and Case Studies of M& A
Activity - Management Guides for M& A Activity : Mergers and
Diversification in a Strategic Long-range Planning Framework , Rules
for Successful Mergers, Value - Based Planning , Merger Analysis in a
Value -Based Planning , Merger Analysis in a Value Creation Framework
- Models of Takeover Process - Numerical Examples of Formal Models :
SV Model, HT Model , Jegadeesh and Chowdry, Fishman .
Strategic Cost Management : Traditional cost Accounting vs.
Strategic Cost Management , ABC Costing - Value Chain Analysis - Cost
Driver Analysis, Cross Subsidization of Products - Implications for
Corporate Strategy , Life Cycle Costing , Target Costing
SUGGESTED
READING:-
1.
Mergers Restructuring and Corporate Control
- J. Fred Westron , Kwong Shung & Susan E Hoag- PHI
2.
Doing Deals - Investment Banks at work
- Robert G Eccles &
Dwights B. Crane -
( HBS)
MBA
- 317 : CAPITAL MARKETS
UNIT
I :-
Capital
Market –evolution , need for regulatory mechanism, establishment of
SEBI ;
SEBI Act / Rules and
Regulations Role of Intermediaries in the Capital Market.
UNIT
II :-
Primary / Secondary markets,
stock exchanges, National Stock Exchange /OTCEL
etc ; Merchant Banking –role and functions
; Project Appraisal and Financial Structuring.
UNIT
III :- Capital
Issues –equity and debt instruments , pricing, credit rating of debt
instruments, insider
trading ;
Management of pre-
issue and post –issue activities
including issue of prospectus / offer documents
; Rights
issue, bonus issue , private placements.
UNIT
IV :-
Study of end discussion on
sample offer documents ;
Merger and Acquisition, Takeover
Code ; Loan syndications, Euro Issues , ECBs GDRs etc.
UNIT
V :-
Portfolio Management ;
Mutual funds, venture capital and fatoring
;Depository System ; Derivative
Trading
Buyback of
shares .
SUGGESTED
READING :
1.
Manual of Merchant Banking , Dr. J.C. Verma
2.
Bharat’s Compendium on SEBI,
Capital Issues and Listing
3.
Nabhi’s Manual for Capital Issues , SEBI and Mutual Funds ,
Nabhi Publicaitons
4.
Capital Market Management
VA Avadhani
5.
Capital markets, Listing and Merchant Banking – Mr. Dhankhar
MBA
- 323
: DATA BASE
AND INFORMATION
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
UNIT
I :-
Data
Base Concepts :
What
is Database ? Need of Database, Function of the Database ; Types
Database ; Relational Database Management System,
Relational Model - Key Concept ; Integrity Constraints ;
Foreign Key.
UNIT
II :-
Database Development Process, Database Modeling & Database
Design.
Information
Engineering Methodology, Planning, Analysis , Design and
Implementation , E- R. Model, Attributes, Relationship, Logical
database design , Normalization , First form, Second Normal Form ,
Third Normal form, Translating E-R Diagram to Relations. Physical
Database Design.
UNIT
III :-
Relational Algebra
& SQL Relational database commands.
Data-types,
create table, Drop Table, Alter Table, Insert Into, Delete From,
Update, General Query Syntax ( Select ), Create View , Drop View , Set
Operators - Union, Intersect, Minus, Functions, Group Functions , Join
UNIT
IV :-
Data
Administration, Client / Server and Distributed Databases
Data
administration functions, Data administration tools - Repositories,
CASE Tools, Concurrency Control, Database Security , Database
Recovery. Client / Server Architecture, Functions of Client / Server,
Advantages, Issues. Distributed Databases, Objectives, Distributed
DBMS, Location transparency, Replication Transparency, Failure
transparency, Commit protocol, Concurrency transparency
UNIT-
V :-
Database Applications
Financial
Systems, Marketing System, foreign Trade, Inventory Information
systems.
Suggested
Readings :
1.
Modern Database Management 4th Edition - Mcfadden
2.
Database Systems - Design Implantation and Management - Rob
& Coronal
3.
Database Systems -
Elmsari, Nawathe
4.
Database Systems - C. J. Date
MBA
- 324 : DATA COMMUNICATION & NETWORK
UNIT
I :-
Introduction
to Data Communications : OSI Reference Model , Multiplexing Basics
, Flow Control Basics ,
Error Checking Basics ; LAN Implementations,
Protocols & OSI , Media- Access Methods , Transmission Methods ,
Topologies , Ethernet / IEEE 802.3 , Token Ring / IEEE 802.5 , FDDI
UNIT
II :-
Internetworking
Devices :- Repeaters , Bridges , Routers , Gateways , Switches
; WAN :- Technologies and OSI Model , Point to Point Link ,
Circuit Switching , Packet Switching , Virtual Circuits , Dialup
Services , WAN Devices
UNIT
III :-
Integrated
Services Digital Network (ISDN) :- Background , Components ,
Services , ISDN - Layer Example , B-ISDN
UNIT
IV :-
WAP, Blue-tooth,
Wireless Massaging Application; TCP/ IP :- OSI layer and TCP / IP
Suite ,Suite of protocols , Understanding Addressing ,IP Addressing
Scheme , Subnetting and Subnet Mask
; Network Management :- Background , SNMP ( Basic Components ,
Basic Commands , MIB, Version 1&2 , Security , Interoperability ,
RMON ( Background, Groups ) ;
Structured Cabling System :- Background , Business Drivers , ANSI /EIA
/TIA 568 -A Standard :- Subsystems , Topology , Media Types -UTP, STP,
Optical Fiber, Electrical Performance , Installation Practices ,
Advantages .
UNIT
V :-
Asynchronous Transfer
Mode (ATM) :-
Background , ATM ( Cell
Basic Format , Devices , Network Interfaces, Cell Header Format ,
Services, Virtual Connections , Switching Operation , Reference Model
, Addressing , Quality of Service ( QoS) , Signaling & Connection
Establishment , Connection Management Messages ) , LAN Emulation (LANE
:- Protocol Architecture , Components , Connection Types , Operation
) ; Security Technologies
:- Background , Security Issues , Attack Methods, Three Types
of Networks, Perimeter Networks , Developing Security Design , Case
Studies
MBA
- 325 : INTERNET & INTRANET MANAGEMENT
TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT
UNIT
I :-
An Introduction to Internet : A historical perspective ,
Intranet a Conceptual Frame work , Internet and organizational
effectiveness ; Internet & MIS, Intranet verses Traditional
Group-ware.
UNIT
II :-
Internetworking
, OSI & Internet Working , Network . Protocols , Internet working
Models ; Dial Connection ; Proxy Server Connection, Computers
& Internet,
UNIT
III :-
Internet Address, Capabilities of Internet
; Communication Capabilities , retrieval
capabilities , Browsing the
world wide web , Browser Software,
WWW'S URL Address, Internet Information .
UNIT
IV:-
An
Introduction to Internet Programming (JAVA ,ASP ,CGI ,PERL ,VB Script
, Activex , SGML , HTML ,XML ) , Concept of front end and back end , A
mini Project in HTML , MS Front Page .
UNIT
V :-
Application
of Internet in Business , Usage of Internet Facility , Emerging Trends
, E-Commerce, ISP , Medical Transcription , Information espionage ,
Information Highway Hackers , Ways to protect information from
espionage .
MBA
- 328
: ELECTRONIC
COMMERCE
UNIT
I :-
BASICS OF E- COMMERCE
Basics
of Internet and networking ;
Presenting Important Terms ;
Network Economics ; Commerce Paradigm ; Interactions
; Transactions ; Introduction to Money / Payment System
; Economics Of Information
; Business Process ( An Overview )
UNIT
II :- UNDERSTANDING
E-COMMERCE
Types of E- Commerce ; Details
of Each ; Payment Systems
; Trust onNet ; Privacy
on Net Reliability on
Net ; Security on Net
; Marketing on Net
- Consumer Behavior , Advertising on Net , Retailing
,
Distribution on Net , Branding on Net ; Segmentation on Net,
Sales promotion on Net PLC on Net
;
Managing Competition ; Facilitators
UNIT
III :- E-COMMERCE
APPLICATIONS
Portals
; Extra-nets ; Banking ;
New Intermediaries ; Auctions and Reverse Auctions ; Supply Chain
Management
UNIT
IV :- IMPLEMENTING
E-COMMERCE
Developing Business Plan ; Visualizing E-Commerce Site ; Tools
of E- Commerce
Building ; Outsourcing
Development ; Process of
Handling E-Commerce Site Building
; Managing Costs ; Selling the Concept
Internally
UNIT
V :- FUTURES
OF E-COMMERCE
Cyber-laws ;
Nation State in New Millennium ;
Entrepreneurial Opportunities ;
Embedded E- Commerce
MBA
- 341 :
MANAGEMENT OF
INDUSTRIAL
RELATIONS
UNIT
I :-
PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT -
OBJECTIVE AND SIGNIFICANCE :-
Organization
of personnel management ;
Functions of Personnel Management-Managerial Functions and operative
functions ; Role of personnel management in an organization
; Qualities of personnel manager
UNIT
II :-
INDUSTRIAL
RELATIONS AND INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES ACT, 1947
Concept, Scope and significance
; Industrial disputes and individual disputes , Settlement of
industrial disputes
- works committee, Grievance
settlement , Authority
, conciliation , Court of Enquiry
, Voluntary Arbitration
, Labour Court , Tribunal and National Tribunal ;
Strikes and lock-outs ; Lay- off and
retrenchment Workers'
Participation in management
UNIT
III :-
TRADE
UNIONS, COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND UNFAIR LABOUR PRACTICES AND THE
TRADE UNIONS ACT,
1926
Trade
union movement ; Registration of Trade unions ; Members,
office-bearers and outsiders in Trade Union
Trade
union funds ; Rights ,liabilities and Immunities of Trade Union
; Collective bargaining
; unfair labour
Practices & victimization .
UNIT
IV :- MANAGEMENT'S
POWER TO DISMISS WORKERS AND THE
INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT
( STANDING ) ORDER ACT , 1946
Regulation of management 's power to dismiss workers
; Industrial Employment(
Standing Orders ) Act, 1946 ; Scope & coverage of the Act ;.Concept
and nature of standing orders ;
certification process ; Modification and Temporary application of
Model standing orders ;
Interpretation of standing orders
UNIT
V :-
REGULATION
OF WAGES AND THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948
Regulation
of Factories under the Factories Act, 1948
; Wage Policy Wage
concept Living wage ,
fair wage , minimum wage,
need based minimum Wage ; Responsibility for payment of wages
and Delay and deduction of wages under the
Payment of Wages Act, 1936 ; Recovery of wages under the
Payment of Wages Act, 1936
; Bonus under the Payment of Bonus Act , 1965, Fixation and
Revision of Minimum Wage and disposal of claims under the Minimum
Wages Act, 1948
SUGGESTED
READINGS
1.
S.C. Srivastava :-
Industrial Relations and Labour Laws , Vikas Publishing House,
New Delhi
2.
S.C. Srivastava :-
Labour Law in factories , Mines, Plantations , Transport, Shops
and
3.
other industrial establishments
, PHI , New Delhi.
4.
R.D. Davar :-
Personnel Management and Industrial Relation , Vikas Publishing
House , New Delhi
5.
Dr. P.C. Tripathi , Personnel Management , Sultan Chand &
Son , Delhi
6.
Dale Yoder :-
Personnel Management & Industrial Relations , PHI , New
Delhi.
MBA
- 342
: MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT
UNIT
I :-
Organisation
Vision , Organisation
Value , Mission Statement
, Corporate Plan , Organisation Change.
UNIT
II :-
Performance
Management :- Performance
Appraisal , Career Planning , Succession Planning
UNIT
III :-
Training :-
Induction , Attitude ,
Training & Training
methods
UNIT
IV :-
Other
Initiatives :- Team Building , Managerial Grid , Empowerment
, Transaction Analysis
, Total Quality Management
UNIT
V :-
Organisation
Development , Case Study
, Presentation &
Project Work
MBA
-343 : HUMAN RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT ; STRATEGIES AND SYSTEMS
UNIT
1 :-
Introduction
of the Course ; What is Management ? ; Its approaches to H.R.M. and
its interaction with organization .H.R.M. functions : Managerial and
operative functions
UNIT
II :-
Line
functions ; Staff functions,
H.R.M. is the nervous system of the organization Its
different action with the different classes of organization ; importance
and Scope of H. R. M.
UNIT
III :-
Quality of Work life Strategies, System
model of organization and H.R. process Towards
performance Work Behaviour of People and the various factors
influencing work behaviour , Job analysis, Satisfaction , Manpower
attitudes .
UNIT
IV :-
Decision making process and strategies of H.R.M ,
HR Planning : Objective and process of Manpower Planning ;
Different strategies for manpower planning , System , Model of
manpower Planning , Recruitment & selection, Training and
Development , Leadership.
UNIT
V :-
Motivation, Communication , Coping with conflict resolution
process, Common H.R. problems in organization , and the process for
rectification , Participative Management
.
SUGGESTED
READINGS :
1.
Arnold H.J. and Fieldman. D.C. Organizational Behaviour .
McGrow Hill New York 1986.
2.
Business Today Anniversary Issue on Managing People
3.
Cascio W.F. Managing Human Resources : productivity , quality
of work Life Profits. McGrow Hill New York 1995
4.
Dessler G. Personnel Management . Reston Publishing Company.
Reston VA 1984.
5.
Monappa A. And Saiydain . M.S. Personnel Management ; Tata
McGrow Hill. New Delhi 1979
6.
Venkata Ratnam C.S., and Srivastava .B.K. Personnel Management
and Human Resource . Tata McGraw Hill , New Delhi 1991
7.
Fomburn C., Techy. N.M. and Devanna M.A. Strategies Human
Resource Management .Wiley New
Delhi. 1984
8.
Parikh U. and Rao
T.V. , Designing and Managing Human Resource Management , Wiley New
Delhi 1984
9.
C.B. Gupta - Human Resource Management . Sultan Chand &
Sons 1997.
MBA
- 345 : MANAGING INTERPERSONAL AND GROUP PROCESSES
UNIT I :-
MANAGERIAL PROCESS
Nature
of Management , functions of managers , leadership and managerial
effectiveness, Managerial
conflict .
UNIT
II :-
INTERPERSONAL PROCESS
Interpersonal
communication, Interpersonal feed
back , Interpersonal behaviour and influence relationships,
Interpersonal style.
UNIT III
:- GROUP
PROCESS
An
overview of group formation, Group development and effectiveness,
formal and informal groups, reasons for
formation of groups, theories of group , group behaviour .
UNIT IV :-
GROUP DYNAMICS
Managing
group and inter-group dynamics
, group cohesiveness, Managerial roles in group decision making
process.
UNIT V:-
HUMAN RESOURCE
PROCESS
Team
development and team functioning , Human
resource policies and practices .
SUGGESTED
READINGS
:-
1.
Pareek, U. Rao, T.V. and Pertonjee , D.M. . Behavioural
Processes in Organizations New Delhi, Oxford and IBH, 1996.
2.
IGNOU study Material ( MS 21- Group and Inter- group Process
IGNOU , New Delhi.
3.
Mainiero, L.A. and Tramley, C.L. , Developing Managerial Skills
in organizational
4.
Behaviour , 2nd ed. New Delhi, Prentice Hall of
India, 1999
5.
Single , B.P. and Chhabra, T.N. organization Theory and
Behaviour , 2nd ed. 1998.
6.
Raobbins , S.P. , Organizational Behaviour , 8th ed.
New Delhi, Prentice Hall of India 1998.
7.
Tosi, H. Rizzo, J . and Carroll, organizational Behaviour , 1st
ed. 1998.
8.
Joekelloy , Rechard D- Irwin , Organizational Behaviours .
MBA-
355 : ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT
& NEW
ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT
UNIT
1 :-
ENTREPRENEURSHIP BASICS
Economic Development
and Entrepreneurship
Concept ; Classification
of Entrepreneurs ; Nature
and
Importance of
Entrepreneurs ; Entrepreneurial
Skills : Success
Stories ; Entrepreneurial
Environment ;
Growth of
Entrepreneurs including Women entrepreneurs ; presentations by
individuals
UNIT
II :-
IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECTS
Vision ; SWOT Analysis ; Identifying
projects ; Environmental Scanning
, Generation and Screening of
Project Ideas ; Preparing project profiles ; Case Study / Exercise ;
One Project
Idea per person ;
Presentation individually
.
UNIT
III :- POLICIES
AND FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPING ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Institutional Infrastructure
; Reservation
of SSI
units ; Govt., facilities
and incentives ; Financial assistance
and role of banks, financial institutions SIDBI, SFC's etc.-
Term loan ,
Working Capital , Equity
Funding,
venture capital. ;
Forms of an enterprise ; Starting a New Venture .
UNIT
IV :- FEASIBILITY
STUDIES
Assessing
market feasibility
; Market and
Demand Analysis ;
Case study
on Market Feasibility
; Technical Analysis ;
Technical feasibility ;
Case study on Technical
feasibility ; Financial Analysis; Cost
of Project , Means
of Finance, Cost
of Production ; Working Capital ; Profitability Projections ; Cash
Flow and Balance Sheet ; Break Even , Pay Back , Internal Rate of
Return , ROI ; Ratios ;
Case study on Financial Analysis
UNIT
V :-
PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
Project
Design and Network
Analysis (PERT/CPM)
; Project
Implementation Schedule
; Work
Breakdown structure ; Crashing
of activities
, working out
optimal cost ; Project organisation ; Exercises on Network ,
Gantt Chart, Critical Path , Project completion time .
REFERENCES
:
1.
Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Development and Management , By
Vasant Desai, Himalaya Publishing House
2.
Projects - Planning , Analysis, Selection , Implementation and
Review by Prasanna Chandra , Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd.